The present study investigated effects and durability of the psychological factors of determining performance levels and training-related stress through a follow-up study for four weeks after applying twelve weeks of psychological skill training to the university soccer players. Subjects were 24 soccer players at U university who enrolled at the Korea Football Association in 2007 with convenience sampling out of non probability sampling, among whom 13 were assigned to the experimental group while 11 to the control group. For individual characteristics of the subjects, their average age was 20 (19 to 22) and 10 years of playing experiences (7 to 13 years). Among the experimental group, subjects consisted of three freshmen, three sophomores, five juniors and two seniors. Their positions included one forward, seven mid-fielders, four guards, and one goalkeeper. For the control group, subjects consisted of five freshmen, four sophomores, and two juniors. Their positions included four forwards, three mid-fielders, four guards without any goalkeeper. The present study employed interviews and an open-ended question to elicit the qualitative analysis. Also for quantitative analysis, this study used the stress test for university soccer players and test of the psychological factors of determining soccer performance levels developed by Yoon Young-gil in 1999 and 2004, respectively. The validity of the tests included four factors and six factors, and their respective credibility was .817 and .826. To compare and analyze their psychological factors of determining soccer performance levels and the training-stress factors, One-way ANOVA was used repeatedly measured at .05 levels of significance, and to identify their durability of the psychological skill training, paired t-test was used. Results revealed that statistically significant differences were found in the psychological factors related to performance levels, as well as stress-related factors. The results of the follow-up study also indicated that statistically significant differences existed in both psychological and stress-related factors. It was concluded that the psychological skill training has positive impact on the performance of soccer players.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of self-management on self-confidence and competition anxiety of high school bowling players. The data collected from the 236 high school bowling players was analyzed. With the collected data, stepwise regression analysis was performed by SPSSWIN Ver 12.0. The results of the analysis were summarized as follows. First, the mental management and interpersonal management impacts positive(+) influence on proficiency proof confidence of the high school bowling players. Second, the mental management and interpersonal management impacts positive(+) influence on social supporting confidence of the high school bowling players. Third, the mental management and interpersonal management impacts positive(+) influence on coaching leadership confidence of the high school bowling players. Fourth, the mental management and interpersonal management impacts positive(+) influence on physical and mental confidence of the high school bowling players. Fifth, the physical management impacts positive(+) influence on competition anxiety of the high school bowling players. These results were discussed based on the previous and practical studies on self-management, self-confidence, and competition anxiety.

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship among amateur wrestlers` achievement goal orientation, self-management and sport self-confidence according to the performance level, belonging team and career and to verify the effects of achievement goal orientation, self-management on their sport self-confidence. Subjects were selected among the amateur wrestlers, who had participated in the 26th Presidential National Wrestling Tournament from highschool, university and amateur Wrestling team. Using TEOSQ, ASMO and SSCQ, multivariate analysis were performed 409 men participants. The results of analysis are follows; In achievement goal orientation, there was no significant difference in task orientation by performance level, team and career. Higher performance level, amateur and higher career wrestler showed good in task orientation. In self-management, higher performance level wrestler showed good in interpersonal relationship management, mental management, training management, a subordinate factor of self-management, amateur and higher career wrestler showed good in physical conditioning, interpersonal relationship, mental and training management, a subordinate factor of self-management. In sport self- confidence, higher performance level wrestler showed good in physical/mental readiness, a subordinate factor of self-confidence. Amateur wrestler showed good in competency recognition, public encouragement, coach leadership and physical/mental readiness. Higher career wrestler showed good in coach leadership and physical/mental readiness, a subordinate factor of self-confidence. Wrestlers sport self- confidence was influenced by achievement goal orientation(task, ego) and self-management, and self-management was influenced by task goal orientation. This study suggests a way how wrestlers` achievement goal orientation and self-management can enhance their sport self-confidence.

The purpose of this study was to develop the inventory for assessing collegiate athletes` basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) on the basis of Self-Determination Theory and to test it`s structural validity. For this, a preliminary scales of 24 items was developed by first consisting the items as reviewing a series of major theories and related articles, and finally modifying them through interview with 30 athletes. Used this scale, the first survey was conducted to 265 collegiate athletes, which data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and reliability test. For examining the validity of the scale, second data was collected from 300 athletes and analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency, test-retest, and confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, the difference between groups by level, career, and institute was examined for testing the external validity of the factor structure. The results were discussed in relation to perspectives of the development of the scale, as well as relationships between basic needs and significant variables within self-determination theory.

The purpose of the Current study was to identify the differences in the level of physical activity and perceived benefits and barriers toward physical activity among normal-weight, overweight, and obese adolescents. In addition, this study was to explore whether the level of physical activity is predicted by body fat, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. A total of 273 adolescents were divided into a normal-weight group (n=104, Mage=15.6±0.9, Mean Body fat=18.8±1.0 kg/m2), an overweight group (n=94, Mage=15.8±1.0, Mean Body fat=23.9±1.3 kg/m2), and an obese group (n=75, Mage=15.8±1.0, Mean Body fat=36.7±4.1 kg/m2). Body fat, Weekly Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, and Decision Balance Questionnaire for Physical Activity were used to evaluate the degree of obesity, the level of physical activity, and perceived benefits and barriers toward physical activity. Results indicated that the level of physical activity was not significantly different among normal-weight, overweight, and obese adolescents. In addition, adolescents` perceived barriers toward physical activity were significant differences among three different groups, while for perceived benefits there were no differences among them. Regression analysis revealed that percentage of body fat as a predictor had 45% of variance to explain physical activity, and that percentage of body fat and perceived benefits and barriers together had 40% of variance to predict physical activity. The current study suggests that a strategy for improving physical activity of overweight and obese adolescents focuses on reducing the weight-related barriers that they have had.

Using self-determination theory(SDT) as a framework, this study tested the effects of sport club and general physical education participation and practice period on the psychological need satisfaction, motivation, and psychological well-being components among collegiate students. The sport club student(n=100)and general physical education class students(n=100) completed questionnaires assessing psychological need satisfaction, motivation, and psychological well-being. Results obtained using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures revealed that a) need satisfactions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness were more increased at posttest(12 weeks) than pretest(1 week), b) intrinsic motivation and identified regulation of sport club students showed higher score at posttest than pretest, c) sport club students had higher score than general physical education class on external regulation and amotivation of sport club students showed lower score at posttest than pretest, d) hedonic pleasure, flow experience, competence and self-realization level of sport club students changed more positively at posttest than pretest. We propose that educational environment of autonomy support should be developed to increase psychological need satisfaction, self-determined motivation and psychological well-being.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Body Image, Eating Behaviors and Self-Esteeming among University`s Women. Subjects of this were sampled 582 the university`s women(general group 193, dance group 216, physical group 173) by the cluster random sampling method. In this study were analysis is ANOVA and Regression. The 5% level of significant was used as the critical level. On the basis of the results analysed, the conclusion were drawn as followings: First. Body image and Eating Behaviors has significant between groups, however, there was no significant Self-Esteeming. Second. There were significant causal relationships among body image, Eating Behaviors and Self-Esteeming of University`s Women.

The purpose of this study was to confirm the differences in exercise addiction based on the level of participation among mass-marathon enthusiasts. Responses from the questionnaires were collected from 343 mass-marathon enthusiasts, and, through the two-way MANOVA, the differences in the level of exercise addiction and their interactions depending upon gender, age, exercise experience, participated marathon courses, and weekly excercise frequency were analyzed. The results showed that, first, Male participants from the age of 40 to 50 and female participants in their 30s showed higher level of urge to exercise and emotional attachment. Secondly, while marathoners with long experience showed higher level of withdrawal symptoms, urge to exercise, and emotional attachment, male marathoners with less than 1 year of experience showed significantly higher level of exercise addiction when compared to the female marathoners with 1 to 2 years of experience. Next, Mass-marathoners who have participated the half- and full-course event showed the stronger urge to exercise and the emotional attachment. While there was no difference in these variables between 5 and 10km course event participation among male participants, they were significantly different from the people who participated the half course event. On the other hand, there was no difference between 10km and the half course event, but the urge to exercise and the emotional attachment of these groups were significantly different from those of 5km event participants. Finally, participants with the higher level of weekly exercise frequency showed the stronger urge to exercise and stronger emotional attachment. However, female marathoners displayed higher level of emotional attachment even with less than once a week of participation. These results suggest fixed patterns of behavior-psychology relationship, and a few peculiar results were compared with previous results.

Many dancers use dynamic self-regulations strategies to successfully adapt to the wide ranges of practice and performance situations. Han and Yoo(2008) developed the Dance Self-Regulation Test(DSRT) to measure various cognitive-behavioral self-regulations in dance performance stages. The DSRT consists of the subscales over the three dance performance stages: plan, action, reaction. The purpose of this study was to analyze multi-group invariance of the DSRT subscales. 1960 dancers consisting with the three levels (high-school, university, professional) and three majors groups (Koran, modern, ballet) were measured by the DSRT subscales, and a series of the multi-group confirmatory analysis(CFA) were conducted to test the DSRT structural invariance of dance groups. The results of the multi-group CFAs statistically accepted feature, meaurement, intercept, factor invariance of the DSRT subscales. This results indicated that the DSRT had invariant construct validity to measure self-regulation of dancers who were in different levels and majors. Furthermore, latent means of DSRT sub-factors revealed that professional dancers scored significantly higher than high-school and university students. However, no DSRT latent mean differences were found in dancers among different majors(Korean, modern, ballet). The results of this study were discussed with regard to statistical meaning of DSRT invariance and dance-specific self-regulation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of visual control in three different skill levels and the ball speeds in performing table tennis forehand stroke. In the present study, three groups of different skilled subjects were examined in different speed conditions. The subject were 5 skilled college students who had won prizes within 5th place from national competitions in table tennis, 5 college students who are the members of college table tennis team, and 5 college students who have e xperience taking table tennis class from the college. The task was hitting the balls of 3m/sec, 6m/sec, 9m/sec speeds toward the target spot on the other side of the net with the forehand stroke. The performances were recorded by two cameras for the analysis of the movements and KWON3D was hired to get the tau(τ) from the results of the timing of the back-swing and the distance between the subjects eyes and the balls. Two-way ANOVA was used for the data analysis to see the relationship between the speed factor and the skill factor. The result of this study is following. First, within the groups of the three different skill levels, the moment of the initiation of the stroke from the tau in the low speed condition was delayed and earlier in the higher speed condition as the skill level gets higher. Second, between the groups of the three different skill levels, the moment of the initiation of the stroke from the tau showed relatively great numerical difference in the impact moment depends on the speed in the novice and intermediate group but the expert group showed stable tau in any speed.

The study was intended to find the effective swing method of golf swing according to three somatotypes(1 pattern-arc swing, 2 pattern-leverage swing, 3pattern-width swing) and purpose of bring swing model new paradigm and effective body motion compare to body coordinative. The subject consist of 9 male golfers who 3 male golfers per somatotypes and three of there golf swing pattern were analyzed using kwon 3D 3.0 program. coordinative pattern of the knee-hip-upper body to compare effectiveness of the different swing motions were qualitatively analyzed. The results obtained from this study were as follows; The coordinative pattern of the knee and hip was the best in the endomorphy of third pattern, the ectomorphy of first pattern, and the mesomorphy of second pattern. The coordinative pattern in the trunk and hip was the best in the endomorphy of third pattern, the ectomorphy of first pattern and the mesomorphy of second pattern. The coordinative pattern in the trunk and knee was the best in the endomorphy of third pattern, the ectomorphy of first pattern, and the mesomorphy of second pattern.

It has been suggested that the processing of a motor memory continues long after the completion of a practice repetition, a phenomenon known as memory consolidation. The present study was designed to identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of the consolidation processes, leading to a relatively stable and long-term motor learning in the production of a bimanual coordination that required 90-deg phase offset. In Experiment 1, three groups of participants (n=24) practiced the task either 3, 4, or 5 blocks of 9 trials in each block, respectively, for 4 days. A retention test was administered 24 hours (day 5) after the practice session. The results indicated that there were no significant differences among groups in the accuracy and stability of bimanual coordination patterns. This finding suggests that the amount of practice per se did not influence the consolidation processes related to the learning of a bimanual coordination. In Experiment 2, the same task was practiced in 4 sessions of 4 blocks each, and the practice sessions were separated by 5 minutes, 1 hour, 4 hours, or 24 hours (1 day). The results demonstrated that 24-hour group showed more accurate and stable performance during the retention test than remaining 3 groups, while no significant difference was found among these groups, indicating a time-dependent modifications in the way the learning of a motor skill occurred. Taken together, consistent with the notion of memory consolidation, these findings suggest that distribution of practice over a relatively long period of time (day), rather than amount of practice, is a more important factor for the enhancement of learning in the production of a complex bimanual coordination task.

The purpose of this study was to develop items for object-control skill test, and to verify the validity and reliability on these items. This study was performed as the first step in order to develop the fundamental movement skill rating system for school-aged children in Korea. Based on TGMD-2`s contents and the developmental stage from previous research (Seefeldt et al., 1982; Roberton et al., 1984), items for assessing object-control skills were selected. Those items were revised through verifying the content validity from the group of experts including Ph.D and educators in field of motor learning and development. Validity of revised items was identified by the correlation analysis with concurrent evidence from TGMD-2`s scores and analysis of variance as skill levels, and reliability was tested through agreement statistics among three raters. Two hundreds forty children at school-ages performed the six-fundamental object-control skills (throwing, catching, kicking, hitting, dribbling, rolling), and their performances were recorded for analyzing, Based on the results that the coefficient of correlation between the score and TGMD-2`s score was improved from .599 of revised items to .821 in final items and that there were significant differences between three skill levels, it was concluded that rating items in this study were valid to assess the fundamental object-control skills. Also, the results that agreement values was increased from 69.46% in revised items to 85.91% in final items indicated that rating items were reliable as a test protocol. Developed rating items in this study will be useful for developing the fundamental movement rating system for school-aged children in Korea.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate what kind of interactional motor control characteristics appeared on pianists` and ordinary persons` left and right finger movements respectively if temporal structure of any one hand was changed when carrying out simultaneous movements with both hands. All of subjects performed five simultaneous finger tapping movements with index fingers of both hands under the control condition in which no transformation of time(500msec) in present, along with the experimental condition of decreased time interval(250msec) in any one hand. The results of experiment showed that changing the temporal structure of any one hand influenced time structures in two hands for ordinary persons and unchanging for pianists. These results for ordinary persons are apparently consistent with the findings of previous researches in which the unity of time was evidenced according to coordination of both hands at early phase of a movement in uniting type of temporal structure. But the pianists` selective activation of hand muscles to produce motion of single or multiple digits probably plays an even more important role in the dexterous control of the hand. Due to the biomechanical architecture of hand muscles, complex co-activation patterns of many muscles are required to produce individuated finger movement as well as to prevent motion at non-instructed digits.